Detailed analyses and discussions are conducted on various HE approaches to biometric security according to the categories of different biometric traits. This survey provides a comprehensive review of state-of-the-art HE research in the context of biometrics. Homomorphic encryption (HE) is concerned with data manipulation in the cryptographic domain, thus addressing the security and privacy issues faced by biometrics. Security and privacy are vital to enacting integrity, reliability and availability in biometric-related applications. Given the peculiarity of biometric features (e.g., unchangeability, permanence and uniqueness), the security of biometric data is a key area of research. The advancement of biometric technology has facilitated wide applications of biometrics in law enforcement, border control, healthcare and financial identification and verification.
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